Carmila Beach

The early start is worth it, snooze on your way out in our Adventure Bus to a beautiful beach sunrise with the wallabies and kangaroos. Explore the area with our local guide and enjoy a picnic breakfast listening to the sounds of nature.

Ride the River at 80 kilometres an hour, experience a 360 spin at full speed. Power stops and drifting make it exciting and adrenaline packed.

Explore Finch Hatton Gorge and the Pioneer Valley with a local guide. Learn about the history of the area. Hike in the Eungella National Park. Enjoy lunch at a local favourite restaurant.

Down Under Cruise and Dive by Evolution, a luxury 35-meter super-yacht. This package includes a full day to the outer Great Barrier Reef at two stunning reef locations, with 5 hours of reef time plus a 10-minute scenic helicopter flight over the reef. Dives are only included in dive package only (not snorkel package). You will experience the reef from above and below!

There are lots of things to see and to do in one day: Freshwater lakes, coastal walks, paradisiac beaches, rich marine life, and wildlife, culture, and history. On this tour you will walk the Gorge Walk, awarded one of the most amazing coastal walks in Australia, where there are great chances to spot manta rays, turtles, dolphins, and much more. And the most important thing: with no rush! Just take your time enjoying the attractions. And the beaches! The tour guide will take you on a walk in a secret place to see Koalas in the wild and you will also have enough time to enjoy swimming at Amity Point Beach. Our objective is to create a more intimate experience with the travelers, that’s why the maximum number of people is 11 in each group. Enjoy an amazing sunset at the ferry on the way back to mainland. This tour focuses on creating remarkable memories, relaxing, and connecting with mother nature, history and culture. Come and join in and see what all the fuss is about!

Watch whales dive and play on a whale-watching cruise from Hervey Bay. Cruising in a catamaran specially designed for whale watching, enjoy  encounters with majestic humpback whales from the viewing platform or underwater windows. Get more out of your wildlife encounter with experienced staff to guide you, and hear a detailed commentary about whales and their marine environment.

This premium full-day small-group tour (up to 14 guests) takes you deep into the heart of the Daintree region, showcasing the highlights of the Daintree Rainforest, Mossman Gorge, and Cape Tribulation in one unforgettable day. Travel in comfort aboard a luxury Mercedes Sprinter, with free pick-up from Cairns CBD, the Northern Beaches, and Port Douglas. Led by very experienced local guides, you’ll explore ancient rainforest, crystal-clear creeks, and the iconic Cape Tribulation beach, where two World Heritage-listed wonders meet: the Great Barrier Reef and the Wet Tropics. Your day includes a Daintree River wildlife cruise, guided walk and swim at Mossman Gorge, morning tea with freshly baked scones, jam and cream, a delicious Aussie restaurant lunch, and tropical fruit tasting featuring fresh local seasonal produce. With a relaxed pace, personalised guiding, and daily departures, this is the perfect way to experience the very best of Far North Queensland.

Explore Hartley’s Crocodile Adventures, an award-winning eco-tourism attraction located between Cairns and Port Douglas. Cruise the wetlands to see crocodiles lazing on the riverbanks and witness the stealth and power of these prehistoric animals at the Crocodile Attack show. This innovative wildlife park has five distinct zones, showcasing Australian wildlife in their natural environment. Enjoy guided walks, keeper-talks, animal shows and a behind-the-scenes look at crocodile farming.

Enjoy exciting, up-close encounters with humpback whales as they migrate through the crystal clear waters of Brisbane’s Moreton Bay between the months of June and November. Be amazed as you watch these gentle giants of the sea breech and play within meters of the luxury high-speed catamaran. Your whale watching cruise includes a gourmet picnic lunchbox. Choose to join the whale watching cruise at Redcliffe Jetty or include round trip coach transport from Brisbane or the Sunshine Coast. Standard / Premium / VIP Options available.

Enjoy the ultimate tropical escape on this half-day rainforest river tubing adventure with convenient return transfers included—morning tours offer pickups from Cairns and the Northern Beaches, while afternoon tours include pickups from Cairns only. Float through a scenic mix of calm stretches and gentle flowing sections during approximately 90-minutes of river tubing on a professional-grade twin-chamber tube designed for comfort and stability. As you drift downstream, take in the lush rainforest surroundings, granite boulders, and pristine waterways while cooling off in the refreshing waters of Tropical North Queensland. Perfect for travelers aged 5 years and above, this fun and relaxing experience is ideal for families, couples, solo adventurers, and groups looking to connect with nature and enjoy an unforgettable half-day adventure.

Travel to Moreton Island from Brisbane or the Gold Coast for a full day of fun in the sun. Your guide takes you by 4WD vehicle along the sands to Tangalooma Wrecks, where you'll see incredible coral reefs on snorkel and kayak outings. You'll also go inland for an exhilarating sandboarding experience on massive sand dunes. This action-packed tour includes a lunch on the beach and time to soak up the scenery of lovely Moreton Island, the third largest sand island in the world. We are the only company that does 3 activties on a full-day tour!

Experience the ultimate Kuranda visit with a skip-the-line ticket for the Kuranda Scenic Railway and Kuranda Skyrail, plus Gold Class service on the Kuranda Scenic Railway. Be amazed at the views of the rainforest and Cairns' beautiful coastline as you glide along the Kuranda Skyrail Rainforest Cableway. Have your camera handy as you travel on the Kuranda Scenic Railway, passing Stoney Creek Falls, Barron Falls and Horseshoe Bend. With plenty of free time to shop and to visit the wildlife exhibits in Kuranda, you'll enjoy the best of the region on this popular day trip.

This is the Original Daintree Rainforest Tour, locally owned and operated for over 40 years! Embark on a packed full-day adventure to Cape Tribulation, where the rainforest meets the reef.

A small group Advanced Eco Accredited tour specifically designed to showcase the very BEST of the Daintree Rainforest focusing on spending less time in the vehicle and more time visiting 'must do' Daintree locations as The Mossman Gorge, The Daintree River, Cape Tribulation, Alexandra Lookout, as well as being the only Port Douglas Rainforest company offering a private World Heritage Listed location in the heart of The Daintree Rainforest. As a multiple award winner of 'Best Rainforest Tour' and 'Best Rainforest Guide", we pride on excellent and personal service. Tony's Tropical Tours is a certified Green Travel Leader by EcoAccreditation Australia and a "Safe Travels" Quality Tourism Accredited Business in alignment with the global World Tourism Council for the COVID Clean protocol. Please note this tour is not suitable for guests with mobility issues.

Pure Snorkelling offers a half day tip to the Great Barrier Reef. It is the fastest boat in Cairns allowing you to spend more time snorkelling and less time travelling. Newly launched in Cairns by two established operators, Pure Snorkelling offers experienced local knowledge coupled with a fast modern vessell taking you to one of the best Great Barrier Reef locations chosen from a selection of over 15! Pure Snorkelling is also the only boat to offer a Marine Life Presentation before you get in the water! Join our Marine Biologists at 1030am before your trip to learn about our unique eco system!

Spend an incredible day exploring the natural beauty of K'gari (Fraser Island), seeing highlights such as Central Station, Wanggoolba Creek, Lake McKenzie, Eli Creek, 75 Mile Beach, and the Maheno shipwreck. The island is a natural treasure chest with an abundance of animals and plant life. You’ll experience the island’s best on a full-day all-inclusive trip with an expert guide, with plenty of time to enjoy the pristine lakes, beaches, creeks and rainforest.

Travel by air-conditioned catamaran from Cairns Marina to our Moore Reef Pontoon located on the Outer Great Barrier Reef, perfectly positioned and equipped for you to explore this reef that is teeming with colourful coral and fascinating fish. Spend 4 hours exploring the reef by taking advantage of the free inclusions such as glass bottom boat tours, all snorkelling equipment, underwater observatory, fish feeding presentation, an enclosed ocean pool for kids and buffet lunch. The pontoon also features an upper sundeck to relax in the sun and look out over the turquoise waters in between activities. This is where you'll find the waterslide - the only theme park waterslide on the reef! Dial up the adventure and add on optional extras like include Introductory or Certified diving, Seawalker Helmet dive, Guided Snorkel Tour or even a Scenic helicopter flight.

Join a full day tour to Kuranda, in World Heritage Rainforest. Experience the largest flight aviary in Australia at the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary, the award-winning Rainforestation including Army Duck tour, the Koala and Wildlife Park, the Pamagirri Aboriginal Experience, lunch, the Kuranda Scenic Railway and Skyrail Rainforest Cableway.

Ride the River at 80 kilometres an hour, experience a 360 spin at full speed. Power stops and drifting make it exciting and adrenaline packed.

Explore Finch Hatton Gorge and the Pioneer Valley with a local guide. Learn about the history of the area. Hike in the Eungella National Park. Enjoy lunch at a local favourite restaurant.

Enjoy exciting, up-close encounters with humpback whales as they migrate through the crystal clear waters of Brisbane’s Moreton Bay between the months of June and November. Be amazed as you watch these gentle giants of the sea breech and play within meters of the luxury high-speed catamaran. Your whale watching cruise includes a gourmet picnic lunchbox. Choose to join the whale watching cruise at Redcliffe Jetty or include round trip coach transport from Brisbane or the Sunshine Coast. Standard / Premium / VIP Options available.

Enjoy the ultimate tropical escape on this half-day rainforest river tubing adventure with convenient return transfers included—morning tours offer pickups from Cairns and the Northern Beaches, while afternoon tours include pickups from Cairns only. Float through a scenic mix of calm stretches and gentle flowing sections during approximately 90-minutes of river tubing on a professional-grade twin-chamber tube designed for comfort and stability. As you drift downstream, take in the lush rainforest surroundings, granite boulders, and pristine waterways while cooling off in the refreshing waters of Tropical North Queensland. Perfect for travelers aged 5 years and above, this fun and relaxing experience is ideal for families, couples, solo adventurers, and groups looking to connect with nature and enjoy an unforgettable half-day adventure.

Join Divers Den for an unforgettable day trip to the Great Barrier Reef, around 90 minutes from Cairns. Explore two exclusive reef sites on the Norman, Saxon, or Hastings reefs, where you’ll encounter vibrant corals, with frequent sightings of turtles, stingrays, and more. Whether you're snorkelling, trying an introductory dive, or enjoying certified dives, AquaQuest, our modern vessel, offers comfort and convenience with a spacious deck, easy water access, and state-of-the-art equipment. Relax on sun decks, enjoy a delicious buffet lunch, and freshen up with hot showers as you create unforgettable memories on the reef.

Explore the tropical paradise of Green Island on a half day trip from Cairns. Enjoy around two hours exploring the Great Barrier Reef island with plenty of time to snorkel. You can even take an optional semi-submersible submarine tour to get close to the reef without getting wet.

Explore the very outer Great Barrier Reef in luxury and style with Calypso. The custom designed vessel will take you to Agincourt or Opal Reef, both regarded as some of the most significant sites on the Great Barrier Reef. Snorkeling is the easiest way to experience the reef or try an introductory dive, no experience required. For the advanced divers, certified diving is available. Let Calypso take you to the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and explore the rich and diverse coral gardens.

Down Under Cruise and Dive by Evolution, a luxury 35-meter super-yacht. This package includes a full day to the outer Great Barrier Reef at two stunning reef locations, with 5 hours of reef time plus a 10-minute scenic helicopter flight over the reef. Dives are only included in dive package only (not snorkel package). You will experience the reef from above and below!

Watch whales dive and play on a whale-watching cruise from Hervey Bay. Cruising in a catamaran specially designed for whale watching, enjoy  encounters with majestic humpback whales from the viewing platform or underwater windows. Get more out of your wildlife encounter with experienced staff to guide you, and hear a detailed commentary about whales and their marine environment.

Travel to Moreton Island from Brisbane or the Gold Coast for a full day of fun in the sun. Your guide takes you by 4WD vehicle along the sands to Tangalooma Wrecks, where you'll see incredible coral reefs on snorkel and kayak outings. You'll also go inland for an exhilarating sandboarding experience on massive sand dunes. This action-packed tour includes a lunch on the beach and time to soak up the scenery of lovely Moreton Island, the third largest sand island in the world. We are the only company that does 3 activties on a full-day tour!

A small group Advanced Eco Accredited tour specifically designed to showcase the very BEST of the Daintree Rainforest focusing on spending less time in the vehicle and more time visiting 'must do' Daintree locations as The Mossman Gorge, The Daintree River, Cape Tribulation, Alexandra Lookout, as well as being the only Port Douglas Rainforest company offering a private World Heritage Listed location in the heart of The Daintree Rainforest. As a multiple award winner of 'Best Rainforest Tour' and 'Best Rainforest Guide", we pride on excellent and personal service. Tony's Tropical Tours is a certified Green Travel Leader by EcoAccreditation Australia and a "Safe Travels" Quality Tourism Accredited Business in alignment with the global World Tourism Council for the COVID Clean protocol. Please note this tour is not suitable for guests with mobility issues.

Pure Snorkelling offers a half day tip to the Great Barrier Reef. It is the fastest boat in Cairns allowing you to spend more time snorkelling and less time travelling. Newly launched in Cairns by two established operators, Pure Snorkelling offers experienced local knowledge coupled with a fast modern vessell taking you to one of the best Great Barrier Reef locations chosen from a selection of over 15! Pure Snorkelling is also the only boat to offer a Marine Life Presentation before you get in the water! Join our Marine Biologists at 1030am before your trip to learn about our unique eco system!

Travel by air-conditioned catamaran from Cairns Marina to our Moore Reef Pontoon located on the Outer Great Barrier Reef, perfectly positioned and equipped for you to explore this reef that is teeming with colourful coral and fascinating fish. Spend 4 hours exploring the reef by taking advantage of the free inclusions such as glass bottom boat tours, all snorkelling equipment, underwater observatory, fish feeding presentation, an enclosed ocean pool for kids and buffet lunch. The pontoon also features an upper sundeck to relax in the sun and look out over the turquoise waters in between activities. This is where you'll find the waterslide - the only theme park waterslide on the reef! Dial up the adventure and add on optional extras like include Introductory or Certified diving, Seawalker Helmet dive, Guided Snorkel Tour or even a Scenic helicopter flight.

Join a full day tour to Kuranda, in World Heritage Rainforest. Experience the largest flight aviary in Australia at the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary, the award-winning Rainforestation including Army Duck tour, the Koala and Wildlife Park, the Pamagirri Aboriginal Experience, lunch, the Kuranda Scenic Railway and Skyrail Rainforest Cableway.

See Australia’s amazing animals on a day trip to Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary from Brisbane. Your river cruise takes you from the bustling waterfront of Southbank to the lush parklands of Lone Pine, with the chance to see iconic sights as you glide along the water. At the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, you can get up close to koalas, kangaroos and watch platypus, sheepdogs, and birds of prey in action. Animal lovers will not want to miss this experience! Check-in is required by 8.45 am, departs at 9am sharp, arriving at Lone Pine Sanctuary 10:15- departing Lone Pine at 1:30pm and arriving back in the city at 2:45pm

Sea World Whale Watch is the Gold Coast’s Closest Operator to the Humpback Highway; spend less time in transit and more time with the whales! Observe the breathtaking display of whales launching into the air, slapping their mighty tails on the water, and diving deep into the ocean. During close encounters, gain a unique perspective by watching live underwater footage streamed directly to your mobile device. You may even hear the iconic whale song through our advanced underwater microphones. While you anticipate your cruise, enjoy the waterfront deck cafe, enrich your knowledge with informative exhibits, and visit the gift shop at our stunning terminal. Sea World Whale Watch are the ultimate experts in Gold Coast Whale Watching, offering a 100% Whale Sighting Guarantee that ensures a free return cruise if no whales are spotted.

Dive, snorkel and sail the Great Barrier Reef with an award-winning company with 30 years’ experience operating personalized day tours to the Great Barrier Reef. The 80-foot catamaran sails from Cairns to two unique locations where you can choose to dive or snorkel with colorful fish, turtles and an amazing array of coral. With a choice of 27 outer Great Barrier Reef destinations your friendly crew can select the location best suited to the weather offering you the best possible Great Barrier Reef experience on a luxury purpose built catamaran!

See the Great Barrier Reef's coral and marine life on this full-day trip from Port Douglas. Whether you are a snorkeler or a scuba diver, experienced or a novice, this snorkel and dive cruise from Port Douglas is the perfect day out on the Great Barrier Reef. Visiting three different dive sites you'll discover the abundant marine life and diversity of coral which the Great Barrier Reef is world-famous for. The friendly crew will be happy to answer any questions you have throughout the day. The boat features full bar facilities, fresh water showers and expansive sundecks overlooking the Coral Sea. A tropical buffet lunch will be served between sites, along with morning and afternoon tea.

Enjoy the most guest-oriented Great Barrier Reef tour aboard a fast travelling stylish and comfortable catamaran from Cairns! A "barefoot luxury" and stylish snorkel and dive experience, visiting 2 very different and unique Great Barrier Reef Sites. "Wonder Wall" on the outer edge Upolu Reef and Upolu Cay reef area - an aquarium style coral garden with the most beautiful clear blue azure waters. Spend six hours (more than any other reef tour) to snorkel or scuba dive (see options below) these Green Zone Marine Park highly protected areas. Absolutely no rush in the day. Enjoy complimentary Glass- Bottom Boat tour (subject to sea conditions) and Adventure Drift Snorkel tours with your onboard marine naturalist. This cruise is limited to 75 guests, ensuring quality customer service and passenger comfort. An all day "feel good" reef tour - come and experience our hospitality - we would love the opportunity for you to travel with our local family reef tours!

Step into one of the world’s oldest living ecosystems with this full-day Daintree Rainforest Tour. This immersive experience takes you deep into the heart of the World Heritage-listed Daintree Rainforest, where ancient landscapes, rare wildlife, and rich Indigenous culture come together. Your day begins with a Welcome to Country and traditional Smoke Ceremony by the Kuku Yalanji people, followed by a refreshing swim in the crystal-clear waters of Mossman Gorge. Cruise along the Daintree River, keeping an eye out for saltwater crocodiles and exotic birdlife, then wander through lush rainforest and explore where the 'Rainforest meets the Reef'. Led by passionate guides, you’ll gain insight into the region’s unique flora, fauna, and cultural heritage. Whether you're a nature lover, culture seeker, or simply looking for a memorable day out, this tour offers a little bit of everything. A true bucket-list experience—once seen, never forgotten.

With the choice of three daily departures from Cairns, this Green Island cruise is perfect for visitors with limited time, offering a half or full day experience (up to 7 hours). You will have the choice of a glass bottom boat coral viewing tour or snorkelling equipment. As a Great Adventures guest, you’ll also be able to enjoy many exclusive inclusions such as the use of the island swimming pool and a self guided eco island walk to discover some of the island’s unique rainforest flora. The island’s well appointed day visitor facilities include a pool bar, plus restaurant and retail outlets. A delicious range of lunch and snacks can be purchased from the island’s food and refreshment outlets. Advanced Ecotourism Certification.

Great for beginners, non-swimmers and first-time visitors to Tropical North Queensland cruise to Agincourt Reef from Port Douglas. You can watch fish feeding, go on a snorkeling expedition, try scuba diving, view the coral and marine life on a semi-submersible submarine, and enjoy a tasty buffet lunch.

We offer an intimate and unforgettable Great Barrier Reef experience, far from the crowds. Our goal is to immerse you in the natural beauty of this incredible wonder, making you feel like you're heading out with friends and family. With us, the journey is just as thrilling as the destination, thanks to our custom-designed fast vessels. Whether you're soaking in the fun or learning about the reef’s wonders, every moment with us will be one you'll cherish forever

Experience one of the wonders of the natural world up close and personal on this snorkeling and diving cruise on the Great Barrier Reef. This 35-metre luxury fast superyacht departs Cairns with 5 hours spent exploring 2 spectacular and exclusive outer Great Barrier Reef locations for an adventure-filled day. Visit two different outer reef locations on the Great Barrier Reef for the chance to see tropical marine life. Delicious fresh BBQ lunch, tea, coffee, light snack and glass of wine on the return journey is included. Upgrade to include additional water adventures such as introductory or certified scuba dive or a scenic helicopter flight. Top quality equipment and instruction provided by friendly and professional instructors.

The early start is worth it, snooze on your way out in our Adventure Bus to a beautiful beach sunrise with the wallabies and kangaroos. Explore the area with our local guide and enjoy a picnic breakfast listening to the sounds of nature.

There are lots of things to see and to do in one day: Freshwater lakes, coastal walks, paradisiac beaches, rich marine life, and wildlife, culture, and history. On this tour you will walk the Gorge Walk, awarded one of the most amazing coastal walks in Australia, where there are great chances to spot manta rays, turtles, dolphins, and much more. And the most important thing: with no rush! Just take your time enjoying the attractions. And the beaches! The tour guide will take you on a walk in a secret place to see Koalas in the wild and you will also have enough time to enjoy swimming at Amity Point Beach. Our objective is to create a more intimate experience with the travelers, that’s why the maximum number of people is 11 in each group. Enjoy an amazing sunset at the ferry on the way back to mainland. This tour focuses on creating remarkable memories, relaxing, and connecting with mother nature, history and culture. Come and join in and see what all the fuss is about!

This premium full-day small-group tour (up to 14 guests) takes you deep into the heart of the Daintree region, showcasing the highlights of the Daintree Rainforest, Mossman Gorge, and Cape Tribulation in one unforgettable day. Travel in comfort aboard a luxury Mercedes Sprinter, with free pick-up from Cairns CBD, the Northern Beaches, and Port Douglas. Led by very experienced local guides, you’ll explore ancient rainforest, crystal-clear creeks, and the iconic Cape Tribulation beach, where two World Heritage-listed wonders meet: the Great Barrier Reef and the Wet Tropics. Your day includes a Daintree River wildlife cruise, guided walk and swim at Mossman Gorge, morning tea with freshly baked scones, jam and cream, a delicious Aussie restaurant lunch, and tropical fruit tasting featuring fresh local seasonal produce. With a relaxed pace, personalised guiding, and daily departures, this is the perfect way to experience the very best of Far North Queensland.

Explore Hartley’s Crocodile Adventures, an award-winning eco-tourism attraction located between Cairns and Port Douglas. Cruise the wetlands to see crocodiles lazing on the riverbanks and witness the stealth and power of these prehistoric animals at the Crocodile Attack show. This innovative wildlife park has five distinct zones, showcasing Australian wildlife in their natural environment. Enjoy guided walks, keeper-talks, animal shows and a behind-the-scenes look at crocodile farming.

Experience the ultimate Kuranda visit with a skip-the-line ticket for the Kuranda Scenic Railway and Kuranda Skyrail, plus Gold Class service on the Kuranda Scenic Railway. Be amazed at the views of the rainforest and Cairns' beautiful coastline as you glide along the Kuranda Skyrail Rainforest Cableway. Have your camera handy as you travel on the Kuranda Scenic Railway, passing Stoney Creek Falls, Barron Falls and Horseshoe Bend. With plenty of free time to shop and to visit the wildlife exhibits in Kuranda, you'll enjoy the best of the region on this popular day trip.

This is the Original Daintree Rainforest Tour, locally owned and operated for over 40 years! Embark on a packed full-day adventure to Cape Tribulation, where the rainforest meets the reef.

Spend an incredible day exploring the natural beauty of K'gari (Fraser Island), seeing highlights such as Central Station, Wanggoolba Creek, Lake McKenzie, Eli Creek, 75 Mile Beach, and the Maheno shipwreck. The island is a natural treasure chest with an abundance of animals and plant life. You’ll experience the island’s best on a full-day all-inclusive trip with an expert guide, with plenty of time to enjoy the pristine lakes, beaches, creeks and rainforest.

An Awesome way to visit Australia Zoo! After pickup from Selected Brisbane accommodation, you'll travel in style and comfort in a Croc Tours air-conditioned vehicle to Australia Zoo. Admission to Australia Zoo is included plus Visit the Wildlife Hospital and then you'll have at least 6 hours to explore! Your Australia Zoo day trip from Brisbane Crikey what are you waiting for! Fine print: Enjoy Numerous live wildlife shows including AUSTRALIA ZOO Wildlife Warriors within the purpose built Crocoseum. If we do not have a minimum 4 guests on the tour date we will make contact to arrange another suitable day or cancel the booking. Please include your contact number and hotel/accommodation address in Brisbane on your booking (for pick up).

Experience the rainforest beauty of Tropical North Queensland on a scenic day trip from Cairns. Enjoy a journey on the historic Kuranda Scenic Railway and a ride on the Skyrail Rainforest Cableway. You’ll have free time in the village of Kuranda to browse its markets, have lunch or visit wildlife attractions like Birdworld or Kuranda Koala Gardens or choose the option including Rainforestation Nature Park. (Food, drinks and activities in Kuranda are at your own expense)